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pg_ctl
Synopsis
pg_ctl start [-w] [-s] [-D datadir] [-l filename] [-o options] [-p path]
pg_ctl stop [-W] [-s] [-D datadir] [-m s[mart] | f[ast] | i[mmediate] ]
pg_ctl restart [-w] [-s] [-D datadir] [-m s[mart] | f[ast] | i[mmediate] ] [-o options]
pg_ctl reload [-s] [-D datadir]
pg_ctl status [-D datadir]
pg_ctl kill [signal_name] [process_id]
Description
pg_ctl is a utility for starting, stopping, or restarting the PostgreSQL backend server (postmaster), or displaying the status of a running server. Although the server can be started manually, pg_ctl encapsulates tasks such as redirecting log output and properly detaching from the terminal and process group. It also provides convenient options for controlled shutdown.
In start mode, a new server is launched. The server is started in the background, and standard input is attached to /dev/null. The standard output and standard error are either appended to a log file (if the -l option is used), or redirected to pg_ctl's standard output (not standard error). If no log file is chosen, the standard output of pg_ctl should be redirected to a file or piped to another process such as a log rotating program like rotatelogs; otherwise the postmaster will write its output to the controlling terminal (from the background) and will not leave the shell's process group.
In stop mode, the server that is running in the specified data directory is shut down. Three different shutdown methods can be selected with the -m option: "Smart" mode waits for all the clients to disconnect. This is the default. "Fast" mode does not wait for clients to disconnect. All active transactions are rolled back and clients are forcibly disconnected, then the server is shut down. "Immediate" mode will abort all server processes without a clean shutdown. This will lead to a recovery run on restart.
restart mode effectively executes a stop followed by a start. This allows changing the postmaster command-line options.
reload mode simply sends the postmaster process a SIGHUP signal, causing it to reread its configuration files (postgresql.conf, pg_hba.conf, etc.). This allows changing of configuration-file options that do not require a complete restart to take effect.
status mode checks whether a server is running in the specified data directory. If it is, the PID and the command line options that were used to invoke it are displayed.
kill mode allows you to send a signal to a specified process. This is particularly valuable for Microsoft Windows which does not have a kill command. Use --help to see a list of supported signal names.
Options
- -D datadir
Specifies the file system location of the database files. If this is omitted, the environment variable PGDATA is used.
- -l filename
Append the server log output to filename. If the file does not exist, it is created. The umask is set to 077, so access to the log file from other users is disallowed by default.
- -m mode
Specifies the shutdown mode. mode may be smart, fast, or immediate, or the first letter of one of these three.
- -o options
Specifies options to be passed directly to the postmaster command.
The options are usually surrounded by single or double quotes to ensure that they are passed through as a group.
- -p path
Specifies the location of the postmaster executable. By default the postmaster executable is taken from the same directory as pg_ctl, or failing that, the hard-wired installation directory. It is not necessary to use this option unless you are doing something unusual and get errors that the postmaster executable was not found.
- -s
Only print errors, no informational messages.
- -w
Wait for the start or shutdown to complete. Times out after 60 seconds. This is the default for shutdowns. A successful shutdown is indicated by removal of the PID file. For starting up, a successful psql -l indicates success. pg_ctl will attempt to use the proper port for psql. If the environment variable PGPORT exists, that is used. Otherwise, it will see if a port has been set in the postgresql.conf file. If neither of those is used, it will use the default port that PostgreSQL was compiled with (5432 by default). When waiting, pg_ctl will return an accurate exit code based on the success of the startup or shutdown.
- -W
Do not wait for start or shutdown to complete. This is the default for starts and restarts.
Environment
- PGDATA
Default data directory location.
- PGPORT
Default port for psql (used by the -w option).
For others, see postmaster.
Files
- postmaster.pid
The existence of this file in the data directory is used to help pg_ctl determine if the server is currently running or not.
- postmaster.opts.default
If this file exists in the data directory, pg_ctl (in start mode) will pass the contents of the file as options to the postmaster command, unless overridden by the -o option.
- postmaster.opts
If this file exists in the data directory, pg_ctl (in restart mode) will pass the contents of the file as options to the postmaster, unless overridden by the -o option. The contents of this file are also displayed in status mode.
- postgresql.conf
This file, located in the data directory, is parsed to find the proper port to use with psql when the -w is given in start mode.
Notes
Waiting for complete start is not a well-defined operation and may fail if access control is set up so that a local client cannot connect without manual interaction (e.g., password authentication).
Examples
Starting the Server
To start up a server:
An example of starting the server, blocking until the server has come up is:
For a server using port 5433, and running without fsync, use:
Stopping the Server
stops the server. Using the -m switch allows one to control how the backend shuts down.
Restarting the Server
Restarting the server is almost equivalent to stopping the server and starting it again except that pg_ctl saves and reuses the command line options that were passed to the previously running instance. To restart the server in the simplest form, use:
To restart server, waiting for it to shut down and to come up:
To restart using port 5433 and disabling fsync after restarting:
