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pg_dump
Description
pg_dump is a utility for backing up a PostgreSQL database. It makes consistent backups even if the database is being used concurrently. pg_dump does not block other users accessing the database (readers or writers).
Dumps can be output in script or archive file formats. Script dumps are plain-text files containing the SQL commands required to reconstruct the database to the state it was in at the time it was saved. To restore from such a script, feed it to psql. Script files can be used to reconstruct the database even on other machines and other architectures; with some modifications even on other SQL database products.
The alternative archive file formats must be used with pg_restore to rebuild the database. They allow pg_restore to be selective about what is restored, or even to reorder the items prior to being restored. The archive formats also allow saving and restoring "large objects", which is not possible in a script dump. The archive files are also designed to be portable across architectures.
When used with one of the archive file formats and combined with pg_restore, pg_dump provides a flexible archival and transfer mechanism. pg_dump can be used to backup an entire database, then pg_restore can be used to examine the archive and/or select which parts of the database are to be restored. The most flexible output file format is the "custom" format (-Fc). It allows for selection and reordering of all archived items, and is compressed by default. The tar format (-Ft) is not compressed and it is not possible to reorder data when loading, but it is otherwise quite flexible; moreover, it can be manipulated with standard Unix tools such as tar.
While running pg_dump, one should examine the output for any warnings (printed on standard error), especially in light of the limitations listed below.
Options
The following command-line options control the content and format of the output.
- dbname
Specifies the name of the database to be dumped. If this is not specified, the environment variable PGDATABASE is used. If that is not set, the user name specified for the connection is used.
- -a
--data-only Dump only the data, not the schema (data definitions).
This option is only meaningful for the plain-text format. For the archive formats, you may specify the option when you call pg_restore.
- -b
--blobs Include large objects in the dump. A non-text output format must be selected.
- -c
--clean Output commands to clean (drop) database objects prior to (the commands for) creating them.
This option is only meaningful for the plain-text format. For the archive formats, you may specify the option when you call pg_restore.
- -C
--create Begin the output with a command to create the database itself and reconnect to the created database. (With a script of this form, it doesn't matter which database you connect to before running the script.)
This option is only meaningful for the plain-text format. For the archive formats, you may specify the option when you call pg_restore.
- -d
--inserts Dump data as INSERT commands (rather than COPY). This will make restoration very slow; it is mainly useful for making dumps that can be loaded into non-PostgreSQL databases. Note that the restore may fail altogether if you have rearranged column order. The -D option is safer, though even slower.
- -D
--column-inserts
--attribute-inserts Dump data as INSERT commands with explicit column names (INSERT INTO table (column, ...) VALUES ...). This will make restoration very slow; it is mainly useful for making dumps that can be loaded into non-PostgreSQL databases.
- -f file
--file=file Send output to the specified file. If this is omitted, the standard output is used.
- -F format
--format=format Selects the format of the output. format can be one of the following:
- p
Output a plain-text SQL script file (default)
- t
Output a tar archive suitable for input into pg_restore. Using this archive format allows reordering and/or exclusion of database objects at the time the database is restored. It is also possible to limit which data is reloaded at restore time.
- c
Output a custom archive suitable for input into pg_restore. This is the most flexible format in that it allows reordering of loading data as well as object definitions. This format is also compressed by default.
- -i
--ignore-version Ignore version mismatch between pg_dump and the database server.
pg_dump can handle databases from previous releases of PostgreSQL, but very old versions are not supported anymore (currently prior to 7.0). Use this option if you need to override the version check (and if pg_dump then fails, don't say you weren't warned).
- -n schema
--schema=schema Dump the contents of schema only. If this option is not specified, all non-system schemas in the target database will be dumped.
Note: In this mode, pg_dump makes no attempt to dump any other database objects that objects in the selected schema may depend upon. Therefore, there is no guarantee that the results of a single-schema dump can be successfully restored by themselves into a clean database.
- -o
--oids Dump object identifiers (OIDs) as part of the data for every table. Use this option if your application references the OID columns in some way (e.g., in a foreign key constraint). Otherwise, this option should not be used.
- -O
--no-owner Do not output commands to set ownership of objects to match the original database. By default, pg_dump issues ALTER OWNER or SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION statements to set ownership of created database objects. These statements will fail when the script is run unless it is started by a superuser (or the same user that owns all of the objects in the script). To make a script that can be restored by any user, but will give that user ownership of all the objects, specify -O.
This option is only meaningful for the plain-text format. For the archive formats, you may specify the option when you call pg_restore.
- -R
--no-reconnect This option is obsolete but still accepted for backwards compatibility.
- -s
--schema-only Dump only the object definitions (schema), not data.
- -S username
--superuser=username Specify the superuser user name to use when disabling triggers. This is only relevant if --disable-triggers is used. (Usually, it's better to leave this out, and instead start the resulting script as superuser.)
- -t table
--table=table Dump data for table only. It is possible for there to be multiple tables with the same name in different schemas; if that is the case, all matching tables will be dumped. Specify both --schema and --table to select just one table.
Note: In this mode, pg_dump makes no attempt to dump any other database objects that the selected table may depend upon. Therefore, there is no guarantee that the results of a single-table dump can be successfully restored by themselves into a clean database.
- -v
--verbose Specifies verbose mode. This will cause pg_dump to output detailed object comments and start/stop times to the dump file, and progress messages to standard error.
- -x
--no-privileges
--no-acl Prevent dumping of access privileges (grant/revoke commands).
- -X disable-dollar-quoting
--disable-dollar-quoting This option disables the use of dollar quoting for function bodies, and forces them to be quoted using SQL standard string syntax.
- -X disable-triggers
--disable-triggers This option is only relevant when creating a data-only dump. It instructs pg_dump to include commands to temporarily disable triggers on the target tables while the data is reloaded. Use this if you have referential integrity checks or other triggers on the tables that you do not want to invoke during data reload.
Presently, the commands emitted for --disable-triggers must be done as superuser. So, you should also specify a superuser name with -S, or preferably be careful to start the resulting script as a superuser.
This option is only meaningful for the plain-text format. For the archive formats, you may specify the option when you call pg_restore.
- -X use-set-session-authorization
--use-set-session-authorization Output SQL standard SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION commands instead of OWNER TO commands. This makes the dump more standards compatible, but depending on the history of the objects in the dump, may not restore properly.
- -Z 0..9
--compress=0..9 Specify the compression level to use in archive formats that support compression. (Currently only the custom archive format supports compression.)
The following command-line options control the database connection parameters.
- -h host
--host=host Specifies the host name of the machine on which the server is running. If the value begins with a slash, it is used as the directory for the Unix domain socket. The default is taken from the PGHOST environment variable, if set, else a Unix domain socket connection is attempted.
- -p port
--port=port Specifies the TCP port or local Unix domain socket file extension on which the server is listening for connections. Defaults to the PGPORT environment variable, if set, or a compiled-in default.
- -U username
Connect as the given user
- -W
Force a password prompt. This should happen automatically if the server requires password authentication.
Diagnostics
pg_dump internally executes SELECT statements. If you have problems running pg_dump, make sure you are able to select information from the database using, for example, psql.
Notes
If your database cluster has any local additions to the template1 database, be careful to restore the output of pg_dump into a truly empty database; otherwise you are likely to get errors due to duplicate definitions of the added objects. To make an empty database without any local additions, copy from template0 not template1, for example:
pg_dump has a few limitations:
When dumping a single table or as plain text, pg_dump does not handle large objects. Large objects must be dumped with the entire database using one of the non-text archive formats.
When a data-only dump is chosen and the option --disable-triggers is used, pg_dump emits commands to disable triggers on user tables before inserting the data and commands to re-enable them after the data has been inserted. If the restore is stopped in the middle, the system catalogs may be left in the wrong state.
Members of tar archives are limited to a size less than 8 GB. (This is an inherent limitation of the tar file format.) Therefore this format cannot be used if the textual representation of any one table exceeds that size. The total size of a tar archive and any of the other output formats is not limited, except possibly by the operating system.
The dump file produced by pg_dump does not contain the statistics used by the optimizer to make query planning decisions. Therefore, it is wise to run ANALYZE after restoring from a dump file to ensure good performance.
Examples
To dump a database:
To reload this database:
To dump a database called mydb that contains large objects to a tar file:
To reload this database (with large objects) to an existing database called newdb:
