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31.10. User-Defined Aggregates
Aggregate functions in PostgreSQL are expressed as state values and state transition functions. That is, an aggregate can be defined in terms of state that is modified whenever an input item is processed. To define a new aggregate function, one selects a data type for the state value, an initial value for the state, and a state transition function. The state transition function is just an ordinary function that could also be used outside the context of the aggregate. A final function can also be specified, in case the desired result of the aggregate is different from the data that needs to be kept in the running state value.
Thus, in addition to the argument and result data types seen by a user of the aggregate, there is an internal state-value data type that may be different from both the argument and result types.
If we define an aggregate that does not use a final function, we have an aggregate that computes a running function of the column values from each row. sum is an example of this kind of aggregate. sum starts at zero and always adds the current row's value to its running total. For example, if we want to make a sum aggregate to work on a data type for complex numbers, we only need the addition function for that data type. The aggregate definition would be:
(In practice, we'd just name the aggregate sum and rely on PostgreSQL to figure out which kind of sum to apply to a column of type complex.)
The above definition of sum will return zero (the initial state condition) if there are no nonnull input values. Perhaps we want to return null in that case instead — the SQL standard expects sum to behave that way. We can do this simply by omitting the initcond phrase, so that the initial state condition is null. Ordinarily this would mean that the sfunc would need to check for a null state-condition input, but for sum and some other simple aggregates like max and min, it is sufficient to insert the first nonnull input value into the state variable and then start applying the transition function at the second nonnull input value. PostgreSQL will do that automatically if the initial condition is null and the transition function is marked "strict" (i.e., not to be called for null inputs).
Another bit of default behavior for a "strict" transition function is that the previous state value is retained unchanged whenever a null input value is encountered. Thus, null values are ignored. If you need some other behavior for null inputs, just do not define your transition function as strict, and code it to test for null inputs and do whatever is needed.
avg (average) is a more complex example of an aggregate. It requires two pieces of running state: the sum of the inputs and the count of the number of inputs. The final result is obtained by dividing these quantities. Average is typically implemented by using a two-element array as the state value. For example, the built-in implementation of avg(float8) looks like:
Aggregate functions may use polymorphic state transition functions or final functions, so that the same functions can be used to implement multiple aggregates. See Section 31.2.5 for an explanation of polymorphic functions. Going a step further, the aggregate function itself may be specified with a polymorphic base type and state type, allowing a single aggregate definition to serve for multiple input data types. Here is an example of a polymorphic aggregate:
Here, the actual state type for any aggregate call is the array type having the actual input type as elements.
Here's the output using two different actual data types as arguments:
For further details see the CREATE AGGREGATE command.
